the heathen, whose way of life is characterised inevitably by this sin. 1 Thessalonians 4:3–5, read in conjunction with 1:9, is an early Pauline witness to this conviction. The characterisation of the heathen by the three sins of sexual immorality, idolatry and greed comes through consistently in the Pauline catalogues of vice. Furthermore, these three sins are the only vices in the Pauline letters that are considered to be such a threat that they must be ‘fled’ (1 Cor. 6:18; 10:14 and 1 Tim. 6:11
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